Aero Space Services
BOS costs refer to all upfront costs associated with a PV system, with the exception of module costs. They can be further categorized as hard costs and soft costs. Hard costs include the costs of inverters, switches, support racks, wiring and batteries/storage systems, and land. Soft costs include costs associated with planning, permissions, customer acquisition, insurance and labour for installation, and interconnection. These costs vary considerably across regions, technologies and market segments, and are significantly affected by local conditions and the regulatory environment. In terms of market segments, residential solar systems have higher BOS costs than large commercial installations. The costs are even higher for complicated arrangements such as canal-top and floating PV systems. Meanwhile, BOS costs for utility-scale systems are much lower due to economies of scale.